The characteristic properties of acids and bases

The three reactions of an acid

Learn these as word equations first, because every salt preparation in 7.3 is one of them.

• acid + metal → salt + hydrogen Mg + 2HCl → MgCl₂ + H₂
• acid + base → salt + water CuO + H₂SO₄ → CuSO₄ + H₂O
• acid + carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide CaCO₃ + 2HCl → CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂

The gas tests go with them and are recall marks:

• Hydrogen gives a squeaky pop with a lighted splint.
• Carbon dioxide turns limewater milky, or cloudy white.

The salt formed is named by the acid, not by the metal: hydrochloric acid gives chlorides, sulfuric acid gives sulfates, nitric acid gives nitrates, and ethanoic acid gives ethanoates.

The reactions of a base

A base is a metal oxide or metal hydroxide that neutralises an acid. An alkali is a base that dissolves in water, so sodium hydroxide is both a base and an alkali while copper(II) oxide is a base only.

• base + acid → salt + water
• alkali + ammonium salt → salt + water + ammonia NaOH + NH₄Cl → NaCl + H₂O + NH₃

Ammonia is tested with damp red litmus paper, which turns blue. This reaction, warming an ammonium salt with sodium hydroxide, is how ammonium ions are identified.

Indicators

Thymolphthalein and methyl orange are single colour change indicators used in titrations, where the sharp change at the end point matters more than a full range of colours. Litmus is the one that also comes as paper.

The pH scale

Universal indicator is a mixture of dyes that gives a different colour at each pH, so it measures how acidic rather than simply whether.

• pH below 7 is acidic, and the lower the pH the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.
• pH exactly 7 is neutral.
• pH above 7 is alkaline, and the higher the pH the higher the hydroxide ion concentration.

Each whole pH unit is a factor of ten in hydrogen ion concentration.

Worked example. How much more concentrated in hydrogen ions is a solution at pH 2 than one at pH 5?

The difference is 3 pH units, so the factor is

10 × 10 × 10 = 1000

The pH 2 solution has one thousand times the hydrogen ion concentration.

Neutralisation

In every acid and alkali reaction, the ionic equation is the same:

H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O

The metal ion and the acid's negative ion take no part; they are spectator ions and stay in solution as the salt. When the water is evaporated they are what crystallises.

Everyday neutralisation to be able to quote: indigestion tablets containing magnesium hydroxide or calcium carbonate treating excess stomach acid, and calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide spread on acidic soil.

Extended only: proton donors and proton acceptors

• An acid is a proton donor.
• A base is a proton acceptor.

A hydrogen ion, H⁺, is a hydrogen atom that has lost its only electron, so it is a bare proton. That is why the two definitions describe the same thing.

Hydrogen chloride donates a proton to water:

HCl + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + Cl⁻

Ammonia accepts one, which is why it is a base even though it contains no hydroxide:

NH₃ + H⁺ → NH₄⁺

Extended only: strong and weak acids

• A strong acid is completely dissociated into ions in aqueous solution: HCl → H⁺ + Cl⁻. Hydrochloric, sulfuric and nitric acids are strong.
• A weak acid is only partially dissociated, so an equilibrium is set up: CH₃COOH ⇌ H⁺ + CH₃COO⁻. Ethanoic acid and carbonic acid are weak, and most of the ethanoic acid stays as whole molecules.

Comparing solutions of the same concentration, the strong acid has:

• the lower pH, typically pH 1 against about pH 3 for ethanoic acid at 0.1 mol/dm³
• the faster reaction with magnesium, giving hydrogen more quickly
• the higher electrical conductivity, because there are more ions

But it needs exactly the same volume of alkali to neutralise it, and that is the point candidates miss. Neutralisation uses up all the acid, including the undissociated molecules, which dissociate further as the hydrogen ions are removed.

Worked example. 25.0 cm³ of 0.100 mol/dm³ sodium hydroxide is titrated.

moles of sodium hydroxide = 25.0 × 0.100 / 1000 = 0.00250 mol

That neutralises 0.00250 mol of hydrochloric acid and 0.00250 mol of ethanoic acid alike, so 25.0 cm³ of either acid at 0.100 mol/dm³ is required.

Strong is not the same word as concentrated. Strong describes how completely the acid dissociates, which is a property of the substance. Concentrated describes how much acid there is per cubic decimetre of solution, which is a property of the mixture. A concentrated solution of a weak acid and a dilute solution of a strong acid are both perfectly ordinary things.

Common mistakes

• Calling every base an alkali, when only the soluble ones are.
• Writing acid plus carbonate as giving hydrogen instead of carbon dioxide.
• Giving thymolphthalein as pink in alkali, which is phenolphthalein, not on this syllabus.
• Saying pH 3 is three times as acidic as pH 4, rather than ten times.
• Using "strong" to mean "concentrated".
• Saying a weak acid needs less alkali to neutralise it.
• Forgetting that the ionic equation for every neutralisation is H⁺ + OH⁻ → H₂O.
• Testing for ammonia with dry litmus paper rather than damp.

Check you have it

Question 1

Zinc oxide is an amphoteric oxide. Which row describes the reactions of zinc oxide? reaction reaction with alkalis with acids Use the source image for W20 Paper 23, question 23.

ASelect option ABSelect option BCSelect option CDSelect option D

Question 2

Four different acids are dissolved in water. Which beaker contains the most concentrated strong acid solution? Use the source image for M20 Paper 22, question 19.

ASelect option ABSelect option BCSelect option CDSelect option D

Question 3

Four metals, Q, R, S and T, are each added to separate samples of water, steam and dilute hydrochloric acid.
The results are shown. Which statements are correct?

A1, 2 and 4B1 and 2 onlyC2 and 3D3 and 4

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